Perfect Model - United Kingdom

The most exclusive Escort Agency for the high demanding gentleman
We serve successfully the European and Arabic Jet Set - since 1978

We will be happy to organize the perfect date for you!
please contact our mistress Rose at: contact or by phone: 0049-163-70 686 99.

Welcome at www.perfectmodel.org and thank you for spending your time with us......... :-)

your webmistress: Rose Bud

You are looking for the perfect date
in United Kingdom...?

We will arrange it for you. Apart from our International Agency Model Service we offer you the possibility to date nearly every celebrity you have always wanted to meet. For further information, please contact our webmistress Rose at the following email address: contact or by phone: 0049-163-70 686 99.

We work closely with "The Leading Hotels of the World", Luxury Alliance, Guide Rouge Michelin, Crystal Cruises, Star Alliance, Sixt.

Our agency models are available for following jobs:

Photo shoot (stopping short of the erotic act!)
Shooting work (only up to a Certificate 15!)
Dancers
Business companionship:
Dubai business service
Yachting service
Limousine service
Lear jet service
Marbella yachting service
Cannes fair service
Manager companionship
Hostess - service
Dinner companionship
Business trip companionship
Personal assistance
Alibi companionship
Event companionship,
and many more...

Private companionship:
Dinner, opera or theatre date
Formula-1
Safari
Heli-skiing
Sailing cruise>br>yachting
Wellness trip
Golfing
Alibi girlfriend
Society event
Holiday companionship
Party
Private moments

Fetish
Role Play
and many more

Amongst others we will be happy to organise the following trips for you: Dubai - 7*Hotel Burj Al Arab / Marbella - Yacht & Babes / Skiing, St. Moritz / Wellness & Spa, Evian and of course any other trips that you might desire!

We kindly ask you to provide us with your full name, telephone number and preferred date, location and purpose of the date.

We also require a short description (figure, size, hair colour, dress style, languages etc.) of the lady or gentleman who is to spice up your evening, your night or even your holiday.

PLEASE NOTE: For reasons of discretion we DO NOT publish images of our models and gentlemen on the Internet, in order to protect their privacy.

Please note that the fee we charge is for our models companionship! That is what we offer. Anything else that may occur is a matter of choice between consenting adults.

FOTOS OF A FOR YOU SUITABLE MODEL ONLY ON REQUEST! PLEASE CONTACT OUR MISTRESS ROSE AT: contact or by phone: 0049-163-70 686 99.

Our models are all top models with years of experience in international circles, in high society and in the public eye. All of our models and gentlemen are firmly rooted in their social environment and are professionally established.

rates:

Each model charges a remuneration according to her personal features and social backround, according your requested date. Minimum ratesof our models.

United Kingdom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For a topic outline on this subject, see List of basic United Kingdom topics. For other uses of terms redirecting here, see UK (disambiguation), United Kingdom (disambiguation), and Britain (disambiguation)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Flag Royal coat of arms

Motto: "Dieu et mon droit"(French)
"God and my right"[1]
Anthem: "God Save the Queen"[2]

Location of the United Kingdom (dark green) – on the European continent (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green)

Capital
(and largest city) London
51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.5, -0.117
Official languages English[3]
Recognised regional languages Welsh, Irish, Ulster Scots, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Cornish[4]
Ethnic groups (2001) 92.1% White,
4.00% South Asian, 2.00% Black, 1.20% Mixed Race, 0.80% East Asian and Other
Demonym British, Briton
Government Parliamentary system and Constitutional monarchy
- Monarch Queen Elizabeth II
- Prime Minister Gordon Brown MP
Legislature Parliament
- Upper House House of Lords
- Lower House House of Commons
Formation
- Acts of Union 1 May 1707
- Act of Union 1 January 1801
- Anglo-Irish Treaty 12 April 1922
EU accession 1 January 1973
Area
- Total 244,820 km² (79th)
94,526 sq mi
- Water (%) 1.34
Population
- 2007 estimate 60,975,000[5] (22nd)
- 2001 census 58,789,194[6]
- Density 246/km² (48th)
637/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate
- Total 2.23 trillion[7] (6th (as of 2007))
- Per capita $36,570[7] (IMF) (14th (as of 2007))
GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate
- Total $2.78 trillion[7] (5th (as of 2007))
- Per capita $45,681[7] (IMF) (9th (as of 2007))
Gini (2005) 34[8] (medium)
HDI (2005) ▲ 0.946 (high) (16th)
Currency Pound sterling[9] (GBP)
Time zone GMT (UTC+0)
- Summer (DST) BST (UTC+1)
Internet TLD .uk[10]
Calling code +44
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,[11][12] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country,[13][14] spanning the island of Great Britain, the northeast part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland.[15] Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. The largest island, Great Britain, is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel.

The United Kingdom consists of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.[16] A unitary state with three devolved national legislatures, the UK is governed by a parliamentary system with its seat of government in London, the capital. The UK is a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as the head of state. The Crown Dependencies of the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are Crown Dependencies and not part of the UK, but form a federacy with it.[17] The UK has fourteen overseas territories,[18] all remnants of the British Empire, which at its height encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface, the largest empire in history. British influence can continue to be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. Queen Elizabeth II remains the head of the Commonwealth of Nations and head of state of each of the Commonwealth realms.

The UK is a developed country, with the fifth (nominal GDP) or sixth (PPP) largest economy in the world. It was the world's first industrialised country[19] and the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries,[20] but the economic cost of two world wars and the decline of its empire in the latter half of the 20th century diminished its leading role in global affairs. The UK nevertheless remains a major power with strong economic, cultural, military and political influence and is a nuclear power, with the second highest defence spending in the world. It is a member state of the European Union, holds a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, and is a member of the G8, NATO, OECD, WTO and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Government and politics
2.1 Devolved national administrations
2.2 Local government
3 Foreign relations and armed forces
4 Law and criminal justice
4.1 England, Wales and Northern Ireland
4.2 Scotland
5 Geography
5.1 Cities and conurbations
6 Demography
6.1 Population
6.2 Migration
6.3 Ethnic groups
6.4 Languages
6.5 Religion
6.5.1 Christianity
6.5.2 Other religions
7 Economy
8 Education
9 Healthcare
10 Transport
11 Sport
11.1 Football
11.2 Other sports
12 Culture
12.1 Cinema
12.2 Literature
12.3 Media
12.3.1 Broadcasting
12.3.2 Internet
12.3.3 Print
12.4 Music
12.5 Philosophy
12.6 Science, engineering and innovation
12.7 Visual art
13 Symbols
13.1 Within the United Kingdom
14 See also
15 Notes and references
16 External links

History
Main articles: History of the United Kingdom and History of the formation of the United Kingdom

The Battle of Waterloo marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars.On 1 May 1707, the United Kingdom of Great Britain,[21][22] was created by the political union of the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland. This event was the result of the Treaty of Union that was agreed on 22 July 1706,[23] and then ratified by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland each passing an Act of Union in 1707. Almost a century later, the Kingdom of Ireland, which had been brought under English control between 1541 and 1691, joined the Kingdom of Great Britain with the passing of the Act of Union 1800.[24] Although England and Scotland had been separate states prior to 1707, they had been in personal union since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI King of Scots had inherited the throne of the Kingdoms of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London.[25][26]

The British Empire in 1897. By 1920 it had become the largest empire in history.In its first century, the United Kingdom played an important role in developing Western ideas of the parliamentary system as well as making significant contributions to literature, the arts and science.[27] The UK-led Industrial Revolution transformed the country and fuelled the growing British Empire. During this time, like other great powers, the UK was involved in colonial exploitation, including the Atlantic slave trade, although the passing of the 1807 Slave Trade Act made the UK the first country to prohibit trade in slaves.

After the defeat of Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars, the UK emerged the principal naval power of the 19th century and remained an eminent power into the mid-20th century. The British Empire expanded to its maximum size by 1921, gaining the League of Nations mandate over former German and Ottoman colonies after World War I.

Long simmering tensions in Ireland led to the partition of the island in 1920, followed by independence for the Irish Free State in 1922. Six of the nine counties of the province of Ulster remained within the UK. In 1927, the formal name of the UK changed to its current name, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, by way of the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927.[28] Also in the 1920's, the BBC, the world's first large-scale international broadcasting network, was created.

The Battle of Britain. The United Kingdom was the only Allied European country to remain free from occupation during World War II.The UK was one of the major Allied powers in World War II, helped plan the post-war world. Though financially damaged by the war, with costly loans taken from both Canada and the United States, post-war Marshall aid helped the UK on the road to recovery. The immediate post-war years saw the establishment of the Welfare State, including one of the world's first and most comprehensive public health services, while the demands of a recovering economy brought people from all over the Commonwealth to create a multiethnic Britain. The new post-war limits of Britain's political role were confirmed by the Suez Crisis of 1956. Though the British Empire declined as colonies achieved independence, the international spread of the English language meant the culture and literature of the UK had a continuing influence around the world.

Following a period of global economic slowdown and industrial strife in the 1970s, the 1980s saw the inflow of substantial oil revenues and economic growth. The premiership of Margaret Thatcher marked a significant change of direction from the post-war political and economic consensus; a path that has continued under the New Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown since 1997.

The United Kingdom was one of the 12 founding members of the European Union at its launch in 1992 with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. Prior to that, it had been a member of the EU's forerunner, the European Economic Community (EEC), from 1973. The attitude of the present Labour government towards further integration with this organisation is mixed,[29] with the Offical Opposition, the Conservative Party, favouring a return of some powers and competencies to the state.[30]

The end of the 20th century saw major changes to the governance of the UK with the establishment of devolved national administrations for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales following pre-legislative referenda.[31]

Government and politics
Main articles: Politics of the United Kingdom and Monarchy of the United Kingdom

HM Queen Elizabeth IIThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state; the monarch of the UK also serves as head of state of fifteen other Commonwealth countries, putting the UK in a personal union with those other states. The Crown has sovereignty over the Isle of Man and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey. Collectively, these three territories are known as the Crown Dependencies, lands owned by the British monarch but not part of the United Kingdom. They are not part of the European Union. However, the Parliament of the United Kingdom has the authority to legislate for the dependencies, and the British government manages their foreign affairs and defence.

The UK has fourteen overseas territories around the world, the last remaining territories of the British Empire. The overseas territories are not considered part of the UK, but in most cases the local populations have British citizenship and the right of abode in the UK. This has been the case since 2002.

The UK has a parliamentary government based on strong traditions: the Westminster system has been emulated around the world — a legacy of the British Empire.

The UK's remaining overseas territories.The UK's constitution governs the legal framework of the country and consists mostly of written sources, including statutes, judge made case law, and international treaties. As there is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and law considered to be "constitutional law," the British Parliament can perform "constitutional reform" simply by passing Acts of Parliament and thus has the power to change or abolish almost any written or unwritten element of the constitution. However, no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change.[32] The United Kingdom is one of the three countries in the world today that does not have a codified constitution (the other two being New Zealand and Israel).[33]

The position of Prime Minister, the UK's head of government, belongs to the Member of Parliament who can obtain the confidence of a majority in the House of Commons, usually the current leader of the largest political party in that chamber. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are formally appointed by the Monarch to form Her Majesty's Government. Though the Prime Minister chooses the Cabinet, and by convention HM The Queen respects the Prime Minister's choices. The Cabinet is traditionally drawn from members of the Prime Minister's party in both legislative houses, and mostly from the House of Commons, to which they are responsible. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, all of whom are sworn into Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, and become Ministers of the Crown. The Rt Hon Gordon Brown MP, leader of the Labour Party, has been Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service since 27 June 2007.[34]

The Houses of ParliamentThe Parliament of the United Kingdom that meets in the Palace of Westminster is the ultimate legislative authority in the United Kingdom. It has two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords, and any Bill passed requires the assent of HM The Queen to become law. A devolved parliament in Scotland and devolved assemblies in Northern Ireland, and Wales were established following public approval as expressed in referenda, but these are not sovereign bodies and could be abolished by the UK parliament.

For elections to the House of Commons, the UK is currently divided into 646 constituencies, with 529 in England, 18 in Northern Ireland, 59 in Scotland and 40 in Wales,[35] though this number will rise to 650 at the next General Election. Each constituency elects one Member of Parliament by simple plurality. General Elections are called by the Monarch when the Prime Minister so advises. Though there is no minimum term for a Parliament, a new election must be called within five years of the previous general election.

For elections to the European Parliament, the UK has 78 MEPs, elected in 12 multi-member constituencies.[36] Questions over sovereignty have been brought forward due to the UK's membership of the European Union.[37]

The UK's three major political parties are the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, and the Liberal Democrats, winning between them 616 out of the 646 seats available in the House of Commons at the 2005 general election. Most of the remaining seats were won by parties that only contest elections in one part of the UK such as the Scottish National Party (Scotland only), Plaid Cymru (Wales only), and the Democratic Unionist Party, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Ulster Unionist Party, and Sinn Féin (Northern Ireland only, though Sinn Féin also contests elections in Ireland). In accordance with party policy, no elected Sinn Féin Member of Parliament has ever attended the House of Commons to speak in the House on behalf of their constituents as Members of Parliament are required to take an oath of allegiance to the Monarch. However, the current five Sinn Féin MPs have since 2002 made use of the offices and other facilities available at Westminster.[38]

Devolved national administrations
Main articles: Northern Ireland Assembly, Scottish Parliament, and National Assembly for Wales

Scottish Parliament is the national legislature of Scotland.
Parliament Buildings in Stormont, Belfast, seat of the assembly.Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each has a devolved, unicameral legislature and its own government or Executive, led by a First Minister. England, the largest country of the United Kingdom, has no devolved executive or legislature and is administered and legislated for directly by the UK government and parliament on all issues. This situation has given rise to the so-called West Lothian question which concerns the fact that MPs from Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales can vote, sometimes decisively,[39] on matters affecting England that are handled by devolved legislatures for their own constituencies.[40]

The Scottish Parliament has wide ranging legislative powers over any matter that has not been specifically 'reserved' to the UK parliament, including education, healthcare, Scots law and local government.[41] Following their victory at the 2007 elections, the pro-independence SNP formed a minority government with its leader, Alex Salmond, becoming First Minister of Scotland.[42] The pro-union parties responded to the electoral success of the SNP by creating a Commission to examine the case for devolving additional powers while excluding Scottish independence as an option,[43] though the then leader of the Scottish Labour Party, Wendy Alexander, indicated that Labour would support calls for independence to be placed before the people in a referendum in the hope that a vote to reject independence would settle the constitutional debate for a generation.[44]

The powers devolved to the National Assembly for Wales are more limited than those devolved to Scotland,[45] although following the passing of the Government of Wales Act 2006, the Assembly can now legislate in some areas through Legislative Competency Orders which can be granted on a case by case basis.[46] The current Welsh Assembly Government was formed several weeks after the 2007 elections, following a brief period of minority administration, when Plaid Cymru joined Labour in a coalition government under the continuing leadership of First Minister Rhodri Morgan.

The Northern Ireland Assembly has powers closer to those already devolved to Scotland. The Northern Ireland Executive is currently led by First Minister Peter Robinson (Democratic Unionist Party) and deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness (Sinn Féin).[47]

Local government
Main article: History of local government in the United Kingdom
See also: Local government in England, Local government in Northern Ireland, Local government in Scotland, and Local government in Wales

Manchester Town Hall, used for the local governance of Manchester, is an example of Victorian era Gothic revival architecture.The history of local government in the United Kingdom is marked by little change in the arrangements that preceded the Union until the 19th century, after which there has been a constant evolution of role and function.[48] Change did not occur in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales in a uniform manner and the devolution of power over local government to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland means that future changes are unlikely to be uniform either.

The organisation of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements. Legislation concerning local government in England is decided by the UK parliament and the government of the United Kingdom, because England does not have a devolved parliament. The upper-tier subdivisions of England are the nine Government office regions or European Union government office regions.[49] One region, Greater London, has had a directly elected assembly and mayor since 2000 following popular support for the proposal in a referendum.[50] It was intended that other regions would also be given their own elected regional assemblies but a rejection by a referendum in 2004 of a proposed assembly in the North East region stopped this idea in its tracks.[51] Below the region level, London consists of 32 London boroughs and the rest of England has either county councils and district councils or unitary authorities. Councillors are elected by First Past The Post in single member wards or by the multi-member plurality system in multi-member wards.[52]

Local government in Northern Ireland has, since 1973, been organised into 26 district councils, each elected by single transferable vote with powers limited to services like collecting waste, controlling dogs, and maintaining parks and cemeteries.[53] However, on 13 March 2008, the Executive agreed on proposals to create 11 new councils to replace the present system[54] and the next local elections will be postponed until 2011 to facilitate this.[55]

Local government in Scotland is divided on a basis of 32 council areas with wide variation in both size and population. The cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Dundee are separate council areas as also is Highland Council which includes a third of Scotland's area but just over 200,000 people. The power invested in local authorities is administered by elected councillors, of which there are currently 1,222[56] who are each paid a part-time salary. Elections are conducted by single transferable vote in multi-member wards that elect either three or four councillors. Each council elects a Provost or Convenor to chair meetings of the council and to act as a figurehead for the area. Councillors are subject to a Code of Conduct enforced by the Standards Commission for Scotland.[57] The representative association of Scotland's local authorities is the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA).[58]

Local government in Wales consists of 22 unitary authorities, including the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, which are separate unitary authorities in their own right.[59] Elections are held every four years by First Past The Post[60] with the most recent elections being in May, 2008. The Welsh Local Government Association represents the interests of local authorities in Wales.[61]

Foreign relations and armed forces
Main articles: Foreign relations of the United Kingdom and British Armed Forces

HMS Illustrious - one of the Royal Navy's Invincible class aircraft carriers
A test launch of a Trident II MIRV SLBM from one of the Royal Navy's Vanguard class submarines
The Royal Air Force's Eurofighter Typhoon - an advanced fighter aircraftThe United Kingdom is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G8 and NATO, and a member state of the European Union. The UK has a "Special Relationship" with the United States. Apart from the US and Europe, Britain's close allies include Commonwealth nations, Ireland and other English speaking countries. Britain's global presence and influence is further amplified through its trading relations and its armed forces, which maintain approximately eighty military installations and other deployments around the globe.[62]

The Army, Navy and Air Force are collectively known as the British Armed Forces (or Her Majesty's Armed Forces) and officially the Armed Forces of the Crown. The commander-in-chief is the monarch, HM Queen Elizabeth II and they are managed by the Ministry of Defence. The armed forces are controlled by the Defence Council, chaired by the Chief of the Defence Staff.

The United Kingdom fields one of the most technologically advanced and best trained armed forces in the world. According to various sources, including the Ministry of Defence, the UK has the second highest military expenditure in the world,[63][64] despite only having the 27th largest military in terms of manpower. Total defence spending currently accounts for 2.2% of total national GDP, compared to 4.4% at the end of the Cold War.[65] It is the second largest spender on military science, engineering and technology.[66] The Royal Navy is considered to be one of the few true blue water navies along with those of France and the United States.[67] The British Armed Forces are equipped with advanced weapons systems, including the Challenger 2 tank and the Eurofighter Typhoon jet fighter. The Ministry of Defence signed contracts worth £3.2bn to build two new supercarrier sized aircraft carriers on 3 July 2008.[68]

The United Kingdom is one of the five recognised countries possessing nuclear weapons, utilising the Vanguard class submarine-based Trident II ballistic missile system.

The British Armed Forces are charged with protecting the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, promoting the United Kingdom's global security interests, and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. They are active and regular participants in NATO, including the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, as well as the Five Power Defence Arrangements and other worldwide coalition operations. Overseas garrisons and facilities are maintained at Ascension Island, Belize, Brunei, Canada, Diego Garcia, the Falkland Islands, Germany, Gibraltar, Kenya, and Cyprus.[69][70]

The British Army had a reported strength of 102,440 in 2005,[71] the Royal Air Force a strength of 49,210 and the 36,320-strong Royal Navy, which includes the Royal Marines, who provide commando units specialising in amphibious warfare.

The United Kingdom Special Forces, provide troops trained for quick, mobile, military responses in counter-terrorism, land, maritime and amphibious operations, often where secrecy or covert tactics are required.

There are reserve forces supporting the regular military. These include the Territorial Army, the Royal Naval Reserve, Royal Marines Reserve and the Royal Auxiliary Air Force. This puts total active and reserve duty military personnel at approximately 429,500, deployed in over eighty countries.

Despite the United Kingdom's military capabilities, recent pragmatic defence policy has a stated assumption that "the most demanding operations" would be undertaken as part of a coalition.[72] Setting aside the intervention in Sierra Leone, operations in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq may all be taken as precedent. Indeed the last war in which the British military fought alone was the Falklands War of 1982, in which they were victorious.

Law and criminal justice
Main article: Law of the United Kingdom

The Royal Courts of Justice of England and Wales.
The High Court of Justiciary - the supreme criminal court of Scotland.The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system due to it being created by the political union of previously independent countries with Article 19 of the Treaty of Union guaranteeing the continued existence of Scotland's separate legal system.[73] Today the UK has three distinct systems of law: English law, Northern Ireland law and Scots law. Recent constitutional changes will see a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom come into being in October 2009 that will take on the appeal functions of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords.[74] The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, comprising the same members as the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the UK overseas territories, and the British crown dependencies.

England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Main articles: English law and Northern Ireland law
Both English law, which applies in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland law are based on common-law principles. The essence of common-law is that law is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of precedent (stare decisis) to the facts before them. The Courts of England and Wales are headed by the Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice (for civil cases) and the Crown Court (for criminal cases). The Appellate Committee of the House of Lords (usually just referred to, as "The House of Lords") is presently the highest court in the land for both criminal and civil cases in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and any decision it makes is binding on every other court in the hierarchy.

Crime in England and Wales increased in the period between 1981 and 1995 though, since that peak, there has been an overall fall of 48% in crime from 1995 to 2007/8.[75] Despite the fall in crime rates, the prison population of England and Wales has almost doubled over the same period, to over 80,000, giving England and Wales the highest rate of incarceration in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.[76] Her Majesty's Prison Service, which reports to the Ministry of Justice, manages most of the prisons within England and Wales.

Scotland
Main article: Scots law
Scots law, a hybrid system based on both common-law and civil-law principles, applies in Scotland. The chief courts are the Court of Session, for civil cases,[77] and the High Court of Justiciary, for criminal cases.[78] The Appellate Committee of the House of Lords (usually just referred to as "The House of Lords") presently serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law but only if the Court of Session grants leave to appeal or the initial judgement was by a majority decision. Sheriff Courts deal with most civil and criminal cases including conducting criminal trials with a jury, known as Sheriff solemn Court, or with a Sheriff and no jury, known as (Sheriff summary Court). The Sheriff Courts provide a local court service with 49 Sheriff courts organised across six Sheriffdoms.[79] The Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts for a criminal trial: "guilty", "not guilty" and "not proven". Both "not guilty" and "not proven" result in an acquittal with no possibility of retrial.[80]

The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is the member of the Scottish Government responsible for the police, the courts and criminal justice, and the Scottish Prison Service, which manages the prisons in Scotland.[81] Though the level of recorded crime in 2007/8 has fallen to the lowest for 25 years,[82] the prison population, at over 8,000,[83] is hitting record levels and is well above design capacity.[84]

Geography
Main articles: Geography of the United Kingdom and Climate of the United Kingdom

UK's topographyThe total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 245,000 square kilometres (94,600 sq mi) comprising of the island of Great Britain, the northeastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland) and smaller islands. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, coming within 35 kilometres (22 mi) of the northwest coast of France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. Great Britain lies between latitudes 49° and 59° N (the Shetland Islands reach to nearly 61° N), and longitudes 8° W to 2° E. The Royal Greenwich Observatory, near London, is the defining point of the Prime Meridian. When measured directly north-south, Great Britain is a little over 1,100 kilometres (700 mi) in length and is a fraction under 500 kilometres (300 mi) at its widest, but the greatest distance between two points is 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) between Land's End in Cornwall (near Penzance) and John o' Groats in Caithness (near Thurso). Northern Ireland shares a 360-kilometre (224 mi) land boundary with Ireland.

The United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round. The temperature varies with the seasons but seldom drops below −10 °C (14.0 °F) or rises above 35 °C (95 °F). The prevailing wind is from the southwest, bearing frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean. Eastern parts are most sheltered from this wind and are therefore the driest. Atlantic currents, warmed by the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters, especially in the west, where winters are wet, especially over high ground. Summers are warmest in the south east of England, being closest to the European mainland, and coolest in the north. Snowfall can occur in winter and early spring, though it rarely settles to great depth away from high ground.

England accounts for just over half of the total area of the UK, covering 130,410 square kilometres (50,350 sq mi). Most of the country consists of lowland terrain, and mountainous terrain north-west of the Tees-Exe line. Mountain chains are found in the north-west (Cumbrian Mountains of the Lake District), north (the upland moors of the Pennines and limestone hills of the Peak District) and south-west (Exmoor and Dartmoor). Lower ranges include the limestone hills of the Isle of Purbeck, Cotswolds and Lincolnshire Wolds, and the chalk downs of the Southern England Chalk Formation. The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames, Severn and the Humber Estuary. England's highest mountain is Scafell Pike, which is in the Lake District 978 metres (3,209 ft). England has a number of large towns and cities and, in terms of Larger Urban Zones, has six of the top 50 Zones in the European Union.

Ben Nevis, in Scotland's Grampian Mountains, is the highest point in the British Isles.Scotland accounts for about a third of the total area of the UK, covering 78,772 square kilometres (30,410 sq mi),[85] including nearly eight hundred islands, mainly west and north of the mainland, notably the Hebrides, Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands. The topography of Scotland is distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault – a geological rock fracture – which traverses the Scottish mainland from Helensburgh to Stonehaven. The faultline separates two distinctively different regions; namely the Highlands to the north and west and the lowlands to the south and east. The more rugged Highland region contains the majority of Scotland's mountainous terrain, including the highest peak, Ben Nevis, at 1,344 metres (4,409 ft). Lowland areas, in the southern part of Scotland, are flatter and home to most of the population, especially the narrow waist of land between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth known as the Central Belt. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, although Edinburgh is the capital and political centre of the country.

Wales accounts for less than a tenth of the total area of the UK, covering 20,758 square kilometres (8,010 sq mi). Wales is mostly mountainous, though south Wales is less mountainous than north and mid Wales. The main population and industrial areas are in south Wales, consisting of the coastal cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport and the South Wales Valleys to their north. The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia, and include Snowdon (Welsh: Yr Wyddfa), which, at 1,085 m (3,560 ft) is the highest peak in Wales. The 14 (or possibly 15) Welsh mountains over 3,000 feet (914 m) high are known collectively as the Welsh 3000s. Wales borders England to the east and the sea in the other three directions: the Bristol Channel to the south, the Celtic Sea to the west, and the Irish Sea to the north. Wales has over 1,200 km (750 miles) of coastline. There are several islands off the Welsh mainland, the largest of which is Anglesey (Ynys Môn) in the northwest.

Northern Ireland accounts for just 14,160 square kilometres (5,470 sq mi) and is mostly hilly. It includes Lough Neagh, at 388 square kilometres (150 sq mi), the largest body of water in the UK and Ireland.[86] The highest peak is Slieve Donard at 849 metres (2,785 ft) in the province's Mourne Mountains.

Cities and conurbations
Main articles: List of largest United Kingdom settlements by population and List of conurbations in the United Kingdom
The capitals of the individual countries of the UK are: Belfast (Northern Ireland), Cardiff (Wales), Edinburgh (Scotland) and London (England); the latter is also the capital of the UK as a whole.

Rank City Location Pop. Rank City Location Pop. view • talk • edit
1 London London 7,172,091 11 Coventry West Midlands 303,475
2 Birmingham West Midlands 970,892 12 Kingston upon Hull Yorkshire and the Humber 301,416
3 Glasgow Scotland 629,501 13 Bradford Yorkshire and the Humber 293,717
4 Liverpool North West England 469,017 14 Cardiff Wales 292,150
5 Leeds Yorkshire and the Humber 443,247 15 Belfast Northern Ireland 276,459
6 Sheffield Yorkshire and the Humber 439,866 16 Stoke-on-Trent West Midlands 259,252
7 Edinburgh Scotland 430,082 17 Wolverhampton West Midlands 251,462
8 Bristol South West England 420,556 18 Nottingham East Midlands 249,584
9 Manchester North West England 394,269 19 Plymouth South West England 243,795
10 Leicester East Midlands 330,574 20 Southampton South East England 234,224
2001 Census
The largest conurbations are as follows:

Greater London Urban Area - 8.50 million
West Midlands conurbation - 2.28 million
Greater Manchester Urban Area - 2.24 million
West Yorkshire Urban Area - 1.50 million
Greater Glasgow - 1.17 million

Demography
Main article: Demography of the United Kingdom
A Census occurs simultaneously in all parts of the UK every ten years.[87] The Office for National Statistics is responsible for collecting data for England and Wales with the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency each being responsible for censuses in their respective countries.[88]

Population
At the April 2001 UK Census, the total population of the United Kingdom was 58,789,194, the third largest in the European Union (after Germany and France), the fifth largest in the Commonwealth and the twenty-first largest in the world. By mid-2007, this was estimated to have grown to 60,975,000.[89] Current population growth is mainly due to net immigration but a rising birth rate and increasing life expectancy have also contributed.[90] The mid-2007 population estimates also revealed that, for the first time, the UK is now home to more people of pensionable age than children under the age of 16.[91]

In 2007, the average total fertility rate (TFR) across the UK was 1.90 children per woman.[92] It is estimated that in 2008, the fertility of the United Kingdom climbed to 1.91 children per woman.[93] While a rising birth rate is contributing to current population growth, it remains below the replacement rate of 2.1 but higher than the 2001 record low of 1.63.[92] England and Wales have birth rates of 1.92 and 1.90 respectively. Scotland had the lowest fertility at only 1.73 children per woman, while Northern Ireland had the highest at 2.02 children.[92] The UK's TFR was considerably higher during the 1960s 'baby boom', peaking at 2.95 children per woman in 1964.[92] The birth rate is higher amongst foreign-born women than UK-born women, although it is only the latter which is rising.[92]

England's population by mid-2007 was estimated to be 51.1 million.[94] It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with 383 people resident per square kilometre in mid-2003,[95] with a particular concentration in London and the South East. The mid-2007 estimates put Scotland's population at 5.1 milion, Wales at 3 million and Northern Ireland at 1.8 million[94] with much lower population densities than England. Compared to England's 383 inhabitants per square kilometre (990 /sq mi), the corresponding figures were 142 /km² (370 /sq mi) for Wales, 125 /km² (320 /sq mi) for Northern Ireland and just 65 /km² (170 /sq mi) for Scotland in mid-2003.[95]

Migration
Main article: Immigration to the United Kingdom (1922-present day)
In contrast with some other European countries, high foreign-born immigration is contributing to a rising population,[96] accounting for about half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001. United Kingdom is set to become Europe’s most highly populated nation within two generations, driven by immigration.[97] Forecasts published by the European Commission suggest that UK will overtake Germany within 50 years as the population rises from 60.9 million today to 77 million.[98] Britain's immigrant population is likely to almost double to 9.1 million by 2030.[99]

The latest official figures (2006) show net immigration to the UK of 191,000 (591,000 immigrants and 400,000 emigrants) up from 185,000 in 2005 (overall, there was a loss of 126,000 Britons and a gain of 316,000 foreign citizens).[100][101][102] One in six were from Eastern European countries, with larger numbers coming from New Commonwealth countries.[103] Immigration from the Indian subcontinent, mainly fuelled by family reunion, accounted for two-thirds of net immigration.[104] By contrast, at least 5.5 million British-born people are living abroad,[105][106][107] the most popular emigrant destinations being Australia, Spain, France, New Zealand and the United States.[108][109][110]

A study by a city forecaster, however, contends that the above immigration figures are unreliable and that net immigration for 2005 was circa 400,000.[111] Nonetheless, the proportion of foreign-born people in the UK population remains slightly below that of some other European countries.[112]

In 2004, the number of people who became British citizens rose to a record 140,795 - a rise of 12 per cent on the previous year. This number had risen dramatically since 2000. The overwhelming majority of new citizens come from Africa (32 per cent) and Asia (40 per cent), the largest three groups being people from Pakistan, India and Somalia.[113] In 2006, there were 149,035 applications for British citizenship, 32 per cent fewer than in 2005. The number of people granted citizenship during 2006 was 154,095, 5 per cent fewer than in 2005. The largest groups of people granted British citizenship were from India, Pakistan, Somalia and the Philippines.[114] 21.9 per cent of babies born in England and Wales in 2006 were born to mothers who were born outside the UK, (146,956 out of 669,601), according to official statistics released in 2007 that also show the highest birth rates for 26 years.[115] As in the rest of the European Union, however, the birth rate remains below the replacement rate.[116][117]

When the EU enlarged further east in 2004 and again in 2007, this gave the right for nationals from countries such as Poland, Slovakia and Lithuania to live in the UK.[118] No restrictions were placed on the ability of nationals of the ten countries that joined the EU in May 2004 to work in the UK, but Romanians and Bulgarians, whose countries joined the EU in January 2007, are subject to transitional arrangements limiting their right to migrate to the UK for work.[119]

Figures published in August 2007 indicated that 682,940 people applied to the Worker Registration Scheme (for nationals of the central and eastern European states that joined the EU in May 2004) between 1 May 2004 and 30 June 2007, of whom 656,395 were accepted.[120] Self-employed workers and people who are not working (including students) are not required to register under the scheme so this figure represents a lower limit on immigration inflow. These figures do not indicate the number of immigrants who have since returned home, but 56% of applicants in the 12 months ending 30 June 2007 reported planning to stay for a maximum of three months, with net migration in 2005 from the new EU states standing at 64,000.[101] Research suggests that a total of around 1 million people had moved from the new EU member states to the UK by April 2008, but that half this number have since returned home or moved on to a third country.[121][122] One in every four Poles in the UK is planning to remain for life, a survey has revealed.[123]

National Insurance data suggests that 2.5 million foreign workers moved to the UK to work (including those moving for short periods), the majority from EU countries, between 2002 and 2007.[124]

The UK government is currently introducing a new points-based immigration system to replace the existing schemes for immigration from outside of the European Economic Area.

Ethnic groups
Main article: Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
The present day population of the UK is descended from varied ethnic stocks, mainly pre-Celtic, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Norman. Since 1945, substantial immigration from Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia has been a legacy of ties forged by the British Empire. Migration from new EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe since 2004 has resulted in growth in these population groups, but, as of 2008, the trend is reversing and many of these migrants are returning home, leaving the size of these groups unknown.[125] As of 2001, 92.1% of the population identified themselves as White, leaving 7.9%[126] of the UK population identifying themselves as mixed race or ethnic minority.

Ethnic group Population % of total*
White &0000000054153898.00000054,153,898 92.1%
Mixed race &0000000000677117.000000677,117 1.2%
Indian &0000000001053411.0000001,053,411 1.8%
Pakistani &0000000000747285.000000747,285 1.3%
Bangladeshi &0000000000283063.000000283,063 0.5%
Other Asian (non-Chinese) &0000000000247644.000000247,644 0.4%
Black Caribbean &0000000000565876.000000565,876 1.0%
Black African &0000000000485277.000000485,277 0.8%
Black (others) &0000000000097585.00000097,585 0.2%
Chinese &0000000000247403.000000247,403 0.4%
Other &0000000000230615.000000230,615 0.4%
* Percentage of total UK population

Ethnic diversity varies significantly across the UK. 30.4% of London's population[127] and 37.4% of Leicester's[128] was estimated to be non-white as of June 2005, whereas less than 5% of the populations of North East England, Wales and the South West were from ethnic minorities according to the 2001 census.[129] As of 2007, 22% of primary and 17.7% of secondary pupils at maintained schools in England were from ethnic minority families.[130][131] Britain's immigrant population will almost double in the next two decades to 9.1 million, a report said on 31 January 2008.[132]

Languages
Main article: Languages of the United Kingdom

Countries where English has de facto or de jure official language status.The UK does not de jure have an official language but the predominant spoken language is English, a West Germanic language descended from Old English and featuring a large number of borrowings from Old Norse, Norman French and Latin. Largely due to the British Empire, the English language has spread across the world, becoming the international language of business and being taught as a second language more than any other.[133]

The other indigenous languages of the UK are Scots, which is descended from early northern Middle English, and four Celtic languages: Welsh, Irish, Gaelic and Cornish. Celtic dialectal influences from Cumbric persisted in Northern England for centuries, most famously in a unique set of numbers used for counting sheep (see Yan Tan Tethera). In the 2001 Census over a fifth (21%) of the population of Wales said they could speak Welsh,[134] an increase from the 1991 Census (18%).[135] In addition, it is estimated that about 200,000 Welsh speakers live in England.[136] Over 92,000 people in Scotland (just under 2 per cent of the population) had some Gaelic language ability, including 72% of those living in Eilean Siar.[137] Welsh and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken by small groups around the globe with some Gaelic still spoken in Nova Scotia, Canada, and Welsh in Patagonia, Argentina.

Across the United Kingdom, it is generally compulsory for pupils to study a second language to some extent: up to the age of 14 in England,[138] and up to age 16 in Scotland. French and German are the two most commonly taught second languages in England and Scotland. In Wales, all pupils up to age 16 are either taught in Welsh or taught Welsh as a second language.[139]

Religion
Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom and the countries that preceded it have long traditions of Christianity and a link between church and state still remains in England. Research suggests that 38% of the population have a belief in a God with a further 40% believing in a 'spirit or life force'.[140] People identify themselves with religion in the UK for both cultural and religious reasons and this is reflected by the disparity between the figures for those proclaiming a belief in a God and those identifying themselves with a particular religion. Christianity has the largest number of adherents followed by Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism and Judaism.

Christianity

Westminster Abbey is used for the coronation of British Monarchs, when they are also made the head of the Church of England.Christianity is the major religion with many Christian churches, denominations, and groups. The Tearfund Survey[141] in 2007 revealed 53% identified themselves as Christian. The report compared this to the 2004 British Social Attitudes Survey in which the results were very similar,[142] and to the 2001 UK Census in which 71.6% said that Christianity was their religion,[143] although noting that the latter used "a softer question".

The Church of England, which split from Rome in 1534 (see English Reformation) is, today, the 'established' Church in England: the church retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is a member of the Church (required under the Act of Settlement 1701) as well as its Supreme Governor. Though the direct influence of the Church of England has been on the decline for years, it retains the right to draft legislative measures (related to religious administration), through the General Synod, that can then be passed into law by Parliament.

The Church of Scotland (known informally as the Kirk), which broke with Rome in 1560 (see Calvinism and Scottish Reformation) is a Presbyterian church, recognised as the national church of Scotland, and not subject to state control. The British monarch is an ordinary member, and is required to swear an oath to "defend the security" of the Church at the coronation. The Scottish Episcopal Church, which is now part of the Anglican Communion, dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690, when it split from the Church of Scotland, and is not a 'daughter church' of the Church of England. Further splits in the Church of Scotland, especially in the nineteenth century, led to the creation of various other Presbyterian churches in Scotland, including the Free Church of Scotland.

In the 1920s, the Church in Wales was separated from the Church of England and became 'disestablished'. The Church in Wales remains in the Anglican Communion. Methodism and other independent churches are traditionally strong in Wales.

The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in the nineteenth century. It covers the entire island of Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the state of Ireland). In Northern Ireland the Catholic Church in Ireland is the largest single denomination, although Protestants are in the majority overall. The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest Protestant denomination and is in terms of theology and history closely linked to the Church of Scotland

The Roman Catholic Church is the second largest denomination of Christianity in the UK. After the Protestant Reformation, strict laws were passed against Catholics; these were removed by the Catholic Emancipation laws in 1829. There are separate Catholic hierarchies for England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland.

Other large Christian groups include the Methodists (founded by John Wesley in London) and the Baptists. There are also growing Evangelical and Pentecostal churches, many of which have flourished with immigration from around the Commonwealth and beyond. Pentecostal churches are now third after the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church in terms of church attendance.[144]

Other religions

The East London Mosque, one of the country's largest Islamic places of worship.Muslims in the United Kingdom are believed to number 1.8 million.[145] Mosques are present in most regions: The biggest groups are of Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indian origin. More recently, refugees from Somalia, Northern Cyprus, the Balkans and Arab countries have increased Britain's Muslim population. The 2006 controversy over the burqa, brought up in comments by politician Jack Straw, reflects a split between some Britons questioning Muslim integration with British society, and others who believe that wearing the veil is compatible with it, in Britain.[146]

Religions of Indian origin, such as Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism are followed in Britain. As of the 2001 census, there are about 560,000 Hindus and 340,000 Sikhs. Buddhism is practised by about 150,000 people.[147] One non-governmental organisation estimates that there are 800,000 Hindus in the UK.[148] Leicester houses one of the world's few Jain temples that are outside of India.

There are approximately 270,000 Jews in Britain, according to the 2001 census.[149]

The United Kingdom has a large and growing atheist and agnostic population with 9.1 million (15% of the UK population) claiming no religion in the 2001 census.[150]

Economy
Main article: Economy of the United Kingdom

The City of London is the world's largest financial centre alongside New York.[151]
The Bank of England; the central bank of the United Kingdom.The UK economy is made up (in descending order of size) of the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Based on market exchange rates, the United Kingdom is today the fifth largest economy in the world[152] and the second largest in Europe after Germany.

The Industrial Revolution started in the United Kingdom with an initial concentration on heavy industries such as shipbuilding, coal mining, steel production, and textiles. The empire created an overseas market for British products, allowing the UK to dominate international trade in the 19th century. However, as other nations industrialised, coupled with economic decline after two world wars, the United Kingdom began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry declined, by degrees, throughout the 20th century. Manufacturing remains a significant part of the economy, but accounted for only one-sixth of national output in 2003.[153] The British motor industry is a significant part of this sector, although it has diminished with the collapse of the MG Rover Group and most of the industry is foreign owned. Civil and defence aircraft production is led by the United Kingdom's largest aerospace firm, BAE Systems, and the continental European firm EADS, the owner of Airbus. Rolls-Royce holds a major share of the global aerospace engines market. The chemical and pharmaceutical industry is strong in the UK, with the world's second and sixth largest pharmaceutical firms (GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, respectively)[154] being based in the UK.

The UK service sector, however, has grown substantially, and now makes up about 73% of GDP.[155] The service sector is dominated by financial services, especially in banking and insurance. London is the world's largest financial centre with the London Stock Exchange, the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange, and the Lloyd's of London insurance market all based in the City of London. London is a major centre for international business and commerce and is the leader of the three "command centres" for the global economy (along with New York City and Tokyo).[156] It has the largest concentration of foreign bank branches in the world. In the past decade, a rival financial centre in London has grown in the Docklands area, with HSBC and Barclays Bank relocating their head offices there. Many multinational companies that are not primarily UK-based have chosen to site their European or rest-of-world headquarters in London: an example is the US financial services firm Citigroup. The Scottish capital, Edinburgh, has one of the large financial centres of Europe[157] and is the headquarters of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group, one of the world's largest banks.

Tourism is very important to the British economy. With over 27 million tourists arriving in 2004, the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world.[158] London, by a considerable margin, is the most visited city in the world with 15.6 million visitors in 2006, ahead of 2nd placed Bangkok (10.4 million visitors) and 3rd placed Paris (9.7 million).[159]

The creative industries accounted for 7% GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6% per annum between 1997 and 2005.[160]

The United Kingdom's agriculture sector accounts for only 0.9% of the country's GDP.[161]

North Sea oil and gas supply most of the UK's energy needs.The UK has a small coal reserve along with significant, yet continuously declining[162] natural gas and oil reserves. Over 400 million tonnes of proven coal reserves have been identified in the UK.[163] In 2004, total UK coal consumption (including imports) was 61 million tonnes,[164] allowing the UK to be self sufficient in coal for just over 6.5 years, although at present extraction rates it would take 20 years to mine.[163] An alternative to coal-fired electricity generation is underground coal gasification (UCG). UGC involves injecting steam and oxygen down a borehole, which extracts gas from the coal and draws the mixture to the surface - a potentially very low carbon method of exploiting coal. Identified onshore areas that have the potential for UGC amount to between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes.[165] Based on current UK coal consumption, these volumes represent reserves that could last the UK between 200 and 400 years.[166]

Government involvement throughout the economy is exercised by the Chancellor of the Exchequer (currently Alistair Darling) who heads HM Treasury, but the Prime Minister (currently The Rt Hon Gordon Brown MP), is First Lord of the Treasury; the Chancellor of the Exchequer is the Second Lord of the Treasury. In recent years, the UK economy has been managed in accordance with principles of market liberalisation and low taxation and regulation. Since 1997, the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee, headed by the Governor of the Bank of England, has been responsible for setting interest rates at the level necessary to achieve the overall inflation target for the economy that is set by the Chancellor each year.[167] The Scottish Government, subject to the approval of the Scottish Parliament, has the power to vary the basic rate of income tax payable in Scotland by plus or minus 3 pence in the pound, though this power has not yet been exercised.

As of 2007, United Kingdom's government debt rose to 43.3% of GDP.[168]

The UK economy did not grow at all in the second quarter of 2008 and is forecast by the OECD to be in recession by the end of the year.[169]

The currency of the UK is the pound sterling, represented by the symbol £. The Bank of England is the central bank, responsible for issuing currency. Banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland retain the right to issue their own notes, subject to retaining enough Bank of England notes in reserve to cover the issue. The UK chose not to join the euro at the currency's launch, and the British Prime Minister, The Rt Hon Gordon Brown MP, has ruled out membership for the foreseeable future, saying that the decision not to join had been right for Britain and for Europe.[170] The government of former Prime Minister Tony Blair had pledged to hold a public referendum for deciding membership should "five economic tests" be met. In 2005, more than half (55%) of the UK were against adopting the currency, while 30% were in favour.[171]

Education
Main article: Education in the United Kingdom
See also: Education in England, Education in Scotland, Education in Wales, and Education in Northern Ireland

King's College, part of the University of Cambridge
Christ Church, part of the University of OxfordEducation in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter with England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales having separate systems.

Education in England is the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families and the Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills, though the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education Authorities. Universal state education in England and Wales was introduced for primary level in 1870 and secondary level in 1900.[172] Education is mandatory from ages five to sixteen (15 if born in late July or August). The majority of children are educated in state-sector schools, only a small proportion of which select on the grounds of academic ability. Despite a fall in actual numbers, the proportion of children in England attending private schools has risen to over 7%.[173] Just over half of students at the leading universities of Cambridge and Oxford had attended state schools.[174] State schools which are allowed to select pupils according to intelligence and academic ability can achieve comparable results to the most selective private schools: out of the top ten performing schools in terms of GCSE results in 2006 two were state-run grammar schools. England has some of the top universities in the world; Cambridge, Oxford, and London are ranked among the top 20 in the 2007 THES - QS World University Rankings.[175] There are fears, however, that a decline in the number of English students studying a foreign language will have a negative effect on business, which has led to calls for languages to be given greater priority.[176][177]

Education in Scotland is the responsibility of the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning, with day to day administration and funding of state schools the responsibility of Local Authorities. Two non-departmental public bodies have key roles in Scottish education: the Scottish Qualifications Authority is responsible for the development, accreditation, assessment and certification of qualifications other than degrees which are delivered at secondary schools, post-secondary colleges of further education and other centres;[178] and Learning and Teaching Scotland provides advice, resources and staff development to the education community to promote curriculum development and create a culture of innovation, ambition and excellence.[179] Scotland first legislated for compulsory education in 1496.[180] The proportion of children in Scotland attending private schools is just over 4%, although it has been rising slowly in recent years.[181] Scottish students who attend Scottish universities pay neither tuition fees nor graduate endowment charges as the fees were abolished in 2001 and the graduate endowment scheme was abolished in 2008.[182]

Education in Northern Ireland is the responsibility of the Minister for Education, currently Caitríona Ruane (Sinn Féin),[47] although responsibility at a local level is administered by five Education and Library Boards, covering different geographical areas. The 'Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment (CCEA) is the body responsible for advising the government on what should be taught in Northern Ireland's schools, monitoring standards and awarding qualifications.[183]

The National Assembly for Wales has responsibility for education in Wales. A significant number of Welsh students are taught either wholly or largely in the Welsh language; lessons in Welsh are compulsory for all until the age of 16. There are plans to increase the provision of Welsh Medium schools as part of the policy of having a fully bi-lingual Wales.

The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked the UK 14th in science, which was higher than the OECD average.[184]

Healthcare
Main article: Healthcare in the United Kingdom
See also: Healthcare in England, Healthcare in Scotland, NHS Wales, and Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland

Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital - a modern NHS hospital.
The Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital is a specialist children's hospital, part of NHS Scotland.Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter and England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have separate systems with different policies and priorities[185][186] though the degree of co-operation usually conceals the difference from cross-border users of the services. The four systems provide public healthcare to all UK permanent residents that is free at the point of need and paid for from general taxation. A much smaller private medical system also exists. Various regulatory bodies are organised on a UK-wide basis such as the General Medical Council, the Nursing and Midwifery Council and non-governmental-based (e.g. Royal Colleges). Across the UK, there is a large number of medical schools and dental schools, and a considerable establishment for training nurses and professions allied to medicine.

Healthcare in England is mainly provided by the National Health Service which today covers just England though originally it covered England and Wales. It was set up by the National Health Service Act 1946 that came into effect on 5 July 1948. The Department of Health exists to improve the health and wellbeing of people in England,[187] and the Secretary of State for Health is answerable to the UK Parliament for the its work and for the work of the NHS. England's NHS is one of the largest cohesive organisations of any type in the world employing over 1.3 million people.[188] Public sector healthcare delivery consists of primary (general practice), secondary (district general hospital) and tertiary (teaching hospital) levels of service. There is considerable interaction and cross-flow between the various levels. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, or NICE, advises on whether drugs or treatments should be provided by the NHS in England and Wales.

Healthcare in Scotland is mainly provided by NHS Scotland, Scotland's public healthcare system. The service was founded by the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947 (later repealed by the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978) that took effect on 5 July 1948 to coincide with the launch of the NHS in England and Wales. However, even prior to 1948, half of Scotland's landmass was already covered by state funded healthcare, provided by the Highlands and Islands Medical Service.[189] In 2006, NHS Scotland employed around 158,000 staff including more than 47,500 nurses, midwives and health visitors and over 3,800 consultants. In addition, there were also more than 12,000 doctors, family practitioners and allied health professionals, including dentists, opticians and community pharmacists, who operate as independent contractors providing a range of services within the NHS in return for fees and allowances.[190] The Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing is responsible to the Scottish Parliament for the work of NHS Scotland.

Healthcare in Wales is mainly provided by NHS Wales. Originally formed as part of the same NHS structure created by the National Health Service Act 1946, power over the NHS in Wales was transferred to the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969.[191] In turn, responsibility for NHS Wales was passed to the Welsh Assembly and Executive under devolution in 1999. NHS Wales provides public healthcare in Wales and employs some 90,000 staff, making it Wales’ biggest employer.[192] The Minister for Health and Social Services is the person within the Welsh Assembly Government who holds cabinet responsibilities for both health and social care in Wales.

Healthcare in Northern Ireland is mainly provided by the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety.

Transport
Main article: Transport in the United Kingdom

The Forth Bridge, Scotland, is an iconic feature of the rail network.
Heathrow Terminal 5. Heathrow Airport - the world's busiest by international passenger traffic.[193]The Highways Agency is the executive agency responsible for trunk roads and motorways in England apart from the privately owned and operated M6 Toll.[194] The Department for Transport states that traffic congestion is one of the most serious transport problems and that it could cost England an extra £22 billion in wasted time by 2025 if left unchecked.[195] According to the government-sponsored Eddington report of 2006, congestion is in danger of harming the economy, unless tackled by road pricing and expansion of the transport network.[196][197]

The Scottish transport network is the responsibility of the Scottish Government's Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department with Transport Scotland being the Executive Agency that is accountable to the Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth for Scotland's trunk roads and rail networks.[198] Scotland's rail network has around 340 railway stations and 3,000 kilometres of track with over 62 million passenger journeys made each year.[199]

Across the UK, there is a radial road network of 46,904 kilometres (29,145 mi) of main roads with a motorway network of 3,497 kilometres (2,173 mi). There are a further 213,750 kilometres (132,818 mi) of paved roads. The rail network of 16,116 km (10,072 miles) in Great Britain and 303 route km (189 route mi) in Northern Ireland carries over 18,000 passenger trains and 1,000 freight trains daily. Urban rail networks are well developed in London and other cities. There was once over 48,000 route km (30,000 route mi) of rail network in the UK, however most of this was reduced over a time period from 1955 to 1975, much of it after a report by a government advisor Richard Beeching in the mid 1960s (known as the Beeching Axe). Plans are now being considered to built new high speed lines by 2025.[200]

Heathrow Airport is the world's busiest international airport and, being an island country, the UK has a considerable number of sea ports.[citation needed]

Sport
Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom
Many major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including Association football, rugby, cricket, tennis and golf. A poll found that football is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom.[201]

Internationally, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland compete separately in most team sports, as well as at the Commonwealth Games, and in sporting contexts the four can be referred to collectively as the Home Nations. There are national sports teams representing the United Kingdom, including Great Britain national basketball team and Great Britain at the Olympics.

Football
Main article: Football in the United Kingdom
See also: Football in England, Football in Northern Ireland, Football in Scotland, and Football in Wales

England's new Wembley Stadium. It is the most expensive stadium ever built.[202]
Hampden Park, Glasgow - Scotland's national football stadium.
Cardiff's Millennium Stadium, national stadium of WalesEach of the Home Nations has their own Football Association, national team and league system, though a few clubs play outside their country's respective systems for a variety of historical and logistical reasons. Football was developed in the UK and is comfortably the most popular sport.

England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland compete as separate countries in international competition and, as a consequence, the UK does not compete as a single team in football events at the Olympic Games. There are proposals to have a UK team take part in the 2012 Summer Olympics but the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish football associations have declined to participate, fearing that it would undermine their independent status - a fear confirmed by FIFA president Sepp Blatter.[203] England has been the most successful of the home nations, winning the World Cup on home soil in 1966, although there has historically been a close-fought rivalry between England and Scotland.

The English football league system includes hundreds of inter-linked leagues, consisting of thousands of divisions. The Premiership at the top, is the most-watched football league in the world[204] and is particularly popular in Asia.[205] Below this, The Football League has three divisions and then the Football Conference has a national division and two feeder regional leagues. Thereafter the structure becomes increasing regional. England is home to world-renowned football clubs such as Liverpool, Manchester United, Chelsea, and Arsenal. English teams have been successful in European Competitions including some who have become European Cup/UEFA Champions League winners: Liverpool (five times), Manchester United (three times), Nottingham Forest (twice) and Aston Villa. More clubs from England have won the European Cup than any other country (four compared to three from Italy, Germany and the Netherlands). Moreover, England ranks second in the all time list of European club trophies won with 35, one behind Italy's 36. The European Cup competition itself came about as the result of the success of another English club, Wolverhampton Wanderers, against top European sides[206] in the 1950s. The 90,000-capacity Wembley Stadium is England's principal sporting stadium.

The Scottish football league system has two national leagues: the Scottish Premier League, the top division of play, and the Scottish Football League, which has three divisions. Below this, but not connected to the national leagues, are three regional leagues; the Highland Football League, the East of Scotland Football League and the South of Scotland Football League. One English club, Berwick Rangers, plays in the Scottish system. Scotland is home to two world-renowned football clubs in the Old Firm of Celtic and Rangers. Scottish teams that have been successful in European Competitions include Celtic (European Cup in 1967), Rangers (European Cup Winners' Cup in 1972) and Aberdeen (European Cup Winners' Cup and European Super Cup in 1983). Celtic were the first British club to win the European Cup.

The Welsh football league system includes the Welsh Premier League and regional leagues. Welsh Premiership club The New Saints play their home matches on the English side of the border in Oswestry. The Welsh clubs of Cardiff City, Colwyn Bay, Merthyr Tydfil, Newport County, Swansea City and Wrexham play in the English system. Cardiff's 76,250 seater Millennium Stadium is the principal sporting stadium of Wales.

The Northern Ireland football league system includes the IFA Premiership. One Northern Irish club, Derry City, play their football outside of the UK in the Republic of Ireland football league system.

Other sports

The Wimbledon Championships, a Grand Slam tournament, is held in Wimbledon, London every June/July.
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, generally regarded as the world's "Home of Golf".Rugby union is organised on a separate basis for England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland with each having a league system and an international team, though every four years a British and Irish Lions team tours Australia, New Zealand or South Africa, composed of players selected from all the Home nations. While England has won the Rugby Union World Cup, in 2003, Wales has achieved a best of third place and Scotland a best of fourth place. Ireland has not progressed beyond the quarter finals. Rugby league originates from and is generally played in the Northern England and a single 'Great Britain' team had competed in the Rugby League World Cup but this will change in 2008 when England, Scotland and Ireland will compete as separate nations.[207]

Cricket was invented in England and the England cricket team, controlled by the England and Wales Cricket Board,[208] is the only national team in the UK with Test status. Team members are drawn from the main county sides, and include both English and Welsh players. Cricket is distinct from Football and Rugby where Wales and England field separate national teams. Irish and Scottish players have played for England because neither Scotland nor Ireland have Test status and have only recently started to play in One Day Internationals. Scotland, England (and Wales), and Ireland (including Northern Ireland) have competed at the Cricket World Cup, with England reaching the Final three times. There is a professional league championship in which clubs representing 17 English counties and 1 Welsh county compete.

Snooker is also one of Great Britain's sporting exports. A game similar to billiards, the world championships are held annually in Sheffield. The sport continues to expand worldwide, with huge growth in China.

The game of tennis first originated from the City of Birmingham between 1859 and 1865. The Championships, Wimbledon are international tennis events held in Wimbledon in south London every summer and are regarded as the most prestigious event of the global tennis calendar.

Thoroughbred racing is popular throughout the UK. It originated under Charles II of England as the "Sport of Kings" and is a royal pastime to this day. World-famous horse races include the Grand National, the Epsom Derby and Royal Ascot. The town of Newmarket is considered the centre of English racing, largely due to the famous Newmarket Racecourse.

The UK has proved successful in the international sporting arena in rowing. It is widely considered that the sport's most successful rower is Steve Redgrave who won five gold medals and one bronze medal at five consecutive Olympic Games as well as numerous wins at the World Rowing Championships and Henley Royal Regatta.

Golf is one of the most popular participation sports played in the UK, with The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, in Scotland, being the sport's home course.

Shinty (or camanachd) is popular in the Scottish Highlands, sometimes attracting crowds numbering thousands in the most sparsely populated region of the UK, especially to watch the final of its premier tournament, the Camanachd Cup.[209]

The UK is closely associated with motorsport. Many teams and drivers in Formula One (F1) are based in the UK and drivers from Britain have won more world titles than any other country. The country hosts legs of the F1 and World Rally Championship and has its own touring car racing championship, the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC). The British Grand Prix takes place at Silverstone each July.

Dancesport or competitive Ballroom dancing has its origins in the UK when popular dancing at the time was codified by British dance schools from the 1920s onwards. For example, the Slow Waltz is still known as the English Waltz which is now as distinct from its original roots as its name, the Viennese Waltz. The UK remains a major centre for the sport and Ballroom dancing in general with the Empress Ballroom at the Winter Gardens in Blackpool being a popular venue for major competitions.

Culture
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)

Main article: Culture of the United Kingdom
The culture of the United Kingdom—British culture—is informed by the UK's history as a developed island country, monarchy, imperial power and, particularly, as a political union of four countries, which each have their own preserved and distinctive heritage, customs and symbolism. As a result of the British Empire, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies such as Canada, Australia, India, and the United States.

Cinema
Main article: Cinema of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has been influential in the development of cinema, with the Ealing Studios claiming to be the oldest studios in the world. Despite a history of important and successful productions, the industry is characterised by an ongoing debate about its identity, and the influences of American and European cinema. Particularly between British and American film, many films are often co-produced or share actors with many British actors now featuring regularly in Hollywood films. The BFI Top 100 British films is a poll conducted by the British Film Institute which ranks what they consider to be the 100 greatest British films of all time.

Literature
Main article: British literature

The Chandos portrait, believed to depict William Shakespeare.
Robert Burns - regarded as the national poet of Scotland'British literature' refers to literature associated with the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well as to literature from England, Wales and Scotland prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. Most British literature is in the English language.

The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time.[210][211][212] Among the earliest English writers are Geoffrey of Monmouth (12th century), Geoffrey Chaucer (14th century), and Thomas Malory (15th century). In the 18th century, Samuel Richardson is often credited with inventing the modern novel. In the 19th century, there followed further innovation by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters, the social campaigner Charles Dickens, the naturalist Thomas Hardy, the visionary poet William Blake and romantic poet William Wordsworth. Twentieth century writers include the science fiction novelist H. G. Wells, the controversial D. H. Lawrence, the modernist Virginia Woolf, the prophetic novelist George Orwell and the poet John Betjeman. Most recently, the children's fantasy Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling has recalled the popularity of J. R. R. Tolkien.

Scotland's contribution includes the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle, romantic literature by Sir Walter Scott and the epic adventures of Robert Louis Stevenson. It has also produced the celebrated poet Robert Burns, as well as William McGonagall, regarded by many as one of the world's worst.[213] More recently, the modernist and nationalist Hugh MacDiarmid and Neil M. Gunn contributed to the Scottish Renaissance. A more grim outlook is found in Ian Rankin's stories and the psychological horror-comedy of Iain Banks. Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, is UNESCO's first worldwide city of literature.[214]

In the early medieval period, Welsh writers composed the Mabinogion. In modern times, the poets R. S. Thomas and Dylan Thomas have brought Welsh culture to an international audience.

Authors from other nationalities, particularly from Ireland, or from Commonwealth countries, have lived and worked in the UK. Significant examples through the centuries include Jonathan Swift, Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, George Bernard Shaw, Joseph Conrad, T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, and more recently British authors born abroad such as Kazuo Ishiguro and Sir Salman Rushdie.

In theatre, Shakespeare's contemporaries Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson added depth. More recently Alan Ayckbourn, Harold Pinter, Michael Frayn, Tom Stoppard and David Edgar have combined elements of surrealism, realism and radicalism.

Media
Main article: Media in the United Kingdom
The prominence of the English language gives the UK media a widespread international dimension.

Broadcasting
Main article: Television in the United Kingdom

BBC Television Centre. The BBC is the largest and oldest broadcaster in the world.[215]
The Channel 4 building.There are five major nationwide television channels in the UK: BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Five - currently transmitted by analogue terrestrial, free-to-air signals with the latter three channels funded by commercial advertising. In Wales, S4C the Welsh Fourth Channel replaces Channel 4, carrying Welsh language programmes at peak times. It also transmits Channel 4 programmes at other times.

The BBC is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world. It operates several television channels and radio stations in both the UK and abroad. The BBC's international television news service, BBC World News, is broadcast throughout the world and the BBC World Service radio network is broadcast in thirty-three languages globally, as well as services in Welsh on BBC Radio Cymru and programmes in Gaelic on BBC Radio nan Gàidheal in Scotland and Irish in Northern Ireland.

The domestic services of the BBC are funded by the television licence, a legal requirement for any British household with a television receiver that is in use to receive broadcasts, regardless of whether or not the householders watch BBC channels. Households which are the principal residence of any person over 75 are exempt[216] and the requirement does not extend to radio listeners. The BBC World Service Radio is funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the television stations are operated by BBC Worldwide on a commercial subscription basis over cable and satellite services. It is this commercial arm of the BBC that forms half of UKTV along with Virgin Media.

The UK now has a large number of digital terrestrial channels including a further six from the BBC, five from ITV and three from Channel 4, and one from S4C which is solely in Welsh, among a variety of others.

The vast majority of digital cable television services are provided by Virgin Media with satellite television available from Freesat or British Sky Broadcasting and free-to-air digital terrestrial television by Freeview. The entire country will switch to digital by 2012.

Radio in the UK is dominated by BBC Radio, which operates ten national networks and over forty local radio stations. The most popular radio station, by number of listeners, is BBC Radio 2, closely followed by BBC Radio 1. There are hundreds of mainly local commercial radio stations across the country offering a variety of music or talk formats.

Internet
Main article: Internet in the United Kingdom
The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United Kingdom is .uk.

Print
Traditionally, British newspapers could be split into quality, serious-minded newspaper (usually referred to as "broadsheets" due to their large size) and the more populist, tabloid varieties. For convenience of reading, many traditional broadsheets have switched to a more compact-sized format, traditionally used by tabloids. The Sun has the highest circulation of any daily newspaper in the UK, with approximately a quarter of the market; its sister paper, The News of the World similarly leads the Sunday newspaper market,[217] and traditionally focuses on celebrity-led stories. The Daily Telegraph, a right wing broadsheet paper, has overtaken The Times (tabloid size format) as the highest-selling of the "quality" newspapers.[218] The Guardian is a more liberal "quality" broadsheet. The Financial Times is the main business paper, printed on distinctive salmon-pink broadsheet paper.

First printed in 1737, the Belfast News Letter is the oldest known English-language daily newspaper still in publication today. One of its fellow Northern Irish competitors, The Irish News, has been twice ranked as the best regional newspaper in the United Kingdom, in 2006 and 2007.[219]

Aside from newspapers, British magazines and journals have achieved worldwide circulation including The Economist and Nature.

Scotland has a distinct tradition of newspaper readership (see list of newspapers in Scotland). The tabloid Daily Record has the highest circulation of any daily newspaper outselling the Scottish Sun by four to one while its sister paper, the Sunday Mail similarly leads the Sunday newspaper market. The leading "quality" daily newspaper in Scotland is The Herald, though it is the sister paper of The Scotsman, the Scotland on Sunday, that leads in the Sunday newspaper market.[220]

Music
Main article: Music of the United Kingdom

The Beatles were and still are considered one of the world's greatest bands.Various styles of music are popular, from the indigenous folk music of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, to Heavy metal. Glasgow's contribution to the music scene was recognised in 2008 when it was named a United Nations City of Music, one of only three cities in the world to have this honour.[221]

Prominent among the UK contributors to the development of rock music in the 1960s and 1970s were The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Eric Clapton, The Rolling Stones, Status Quo,[222] Slade,[223] Led Zeppelin, The Who, Queen, and Black Sabbath. Heavy metal, hard rock, punk rock and New Wave were among the variations that followed. In the early 1980s, UK bands from the New Romantic scene such as Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, Spandau Ballet, Soft Cell and Ultravox were prominent. In the 1990s, Britpop bands and electronica music attained international success. More recent pop acts, including The Smiths, Oasis, Amy Winehouse, Leona Lewis, Coldplay, and the Spice Girls, have ensured the continuation of the UK's massive contribution to popular music.

Notable composers of Classical music from the United Kingdom and the countries that preceded it have included William Byrd, Henry Purcell, Sir Edward Elgar, Sir Arthur Sullivan (most famous for working with librettist Sir W. S. Gilbert), Ralph Vaughan Williams, and Benjamin Britten, pioneer of modern British opera.

Philosophy
The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of "British Empiricism", a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid. The most famous philosophers of this tradition are John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume. Britain is notable for a theory of moral philosophy, Utilitarianism, first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill, in his short work Utilitarianism. Other eminent philosophers from the UK and the countries that preceded it include Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Thomas Hobbes, Bertrand Russell, Adam Smith and Alfred Ayer. Foreign-born philosophers who settled in the UK include Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx, Karl Popper, and Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Science, engineering and innovation

Sir Isaac Newton
Charles DarwinThe United Kingdom and the countries that preceded it have produced scientists and engineers credited with important advances, including;

The modern scientific method, developed by English philosopher Francis Bacon
The laws of motion and illumination of gravity, by English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian, Sir Isaac Newton
The unification of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell
The discovery of hydrogen, by Henry Cavendish
The steam locomotive, by Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian
The world's first working television system, by Scottish engineer and inventor John Logie Baird
Evolution by natural selection, by Charles Darwin
The Turing machine, by Alan Turing, the basis of modern computers
The structure of DNA, by Francis Crick and others
The development of the World Wide Web, largely attributed to Tim Berners-Lee
The discovery of penicillin, by Scottish biologist and pharmacologist, Sir Alexander Fleming
Notable civil engineering projects, whose pioneers included Isambard Kingdom Brunel, contributed to the world's first national railway transport system. Other advances pioneered in the UK include the marine chronometer, the jet engine, the modern bicycle, electric lighting, the electric motor, the screw propeller, the internal combustion engine, military radar, the electronic computer, vaccination and antibiotics.

Scientific journals produced in the UK include Nature, the British Medical Journal and The Lancet. In 2006, it was reported that the UK provided 9% of the world's scientific research papers and a 12% share of citations, the second highest in the world after the US.[224]

Visual art
Main article: Art of the United Kingdom
The Royal Academy is located in London. Other major schools of art include the Slade School of Fine Art; the six-school University of the Arts London, which includes the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and Chelsea College of Art and Design; the Glasgow School of Art, and Goldsmiths, University of London. This commercial venture is one of Britain's foremost visual arts organisations. Major British artists include Sir Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, John Constable, William Blake, J. M. W. Turner, William Morris, L. S. Lowry, Francis Bacon, Lucian Freud, David Hockney, Gilbert and George, Richard Hamilton, Peter Blake, Howard Hodgkin, Antony Gormley, and Anish Kapoor. During the late 1980s and 1990s, the Saatchi Gallery in London brought to public attention a group of multigenre artists who would become known as the Young British Artists. Damien Hirst, Chris Ofili, Rachel Whiteread, Tracey Emin, Mark Wallinger, Steve McQueen, Sam Taylor-Wood, and the Chapman Brothers are among the better known members of this loosely affiliated movement.

Symbols
This article or section may require cleanup because it is in a list format that may be better presented using prose.
You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (October 2008)

Main article: Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man

The Statue of Britannia in Plymouth. Britannia is a national personification of the UK.The flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Flag. It was created by the superimposition of the flags of England (St George's Cross) and Scotland (Saint Andrew's Cross), with Saint Patrick's cross, to represent Ireland, being added to this in 1801. Wales is not represented in the Union Flag as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. However, the possibility of redesigning the Union Flag to include representation of Wales has not been completely ruled out.[225]
The national anthem of the United Kingdom is "God Save the King", with "King" replaced with "Queen" in the lyrics whenever the monarch is female. The anthem's name, however, remains "God Save the King".
Britannia is a national personification of the United Kingdom, originating from the Roman occupation of southern and central Great Britain.[226] Britannia is symbolised as a young woman with brown or golden hair, wearing a Corinthian helmet and white robes. She holds Poseidon's three-pronged trident and a shield, bearing the Union Flag. Sometimes she is depicted as riding the back of a lion. At and since the height of the British Empire, Britannia has often associated with maritime dominance, as in the patriotic song Rule, Britannia!.
The lion symbol is depicted behind Britannia on the 50 pence piece and one is shown crowned on the back of the 10 pence piece. It is also used as a symbol on the non-ceremonial flag of the British Army.
The bulldog is sometimes used as a symbol of the United Kingdom and has been associated with Winston Churchill's defiance of Nazi Germany.[citation needed]

Within the United Kingdom
Flag Country Patron saint Flower
England St. George Tudor rose
Scotland St. Andrew Thistle
Wales St. David Leek/Daffodil
Northern Ireland St. Patrick Shamrock/Flax

There is no official National flag of Northern Ireland following the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 or any unofficial flag universally supported in Northern Ireland. The use of various flags in Northern Ireland is contentious. However, the Ulster Banner is often used for sporting events. See Northern Ireland flags issue and The Union Flags and flags of the United Kingdom

See also
Main articles: List of United Kingdom-related topics and List of basic United Kingdom topics
[show]v • d • e United Kingdom topics

Primary subdivisions Terminology · England · Northern Ireland · Scotland · Wales · Crown dependencies · Overseas territories

History Timeline · England · Scotland · Wales · Northern Ireland · British Empire · Social history · Foreign relations

Law Courts · Nationality law · Legislation

Politics Parliament · House of Commons · House of Lords · Monarchy · Prime Minister · Cabinet · Government departments · Constitution · Elections · Political parties

Geography Geology · Mountains · Lakes · Rivers

Economy History · Stock Exchange · Pound sterling · Banks · Bank of England · Taxation · Transport · Communications · Energy

Military History · Royal Navy · British Army · Royal Air Force · Nuclear weapons

Demographics Ethnic groups · Languages · Religion · Subdivisions · Cities · Towns

Culture Art · Cinema · Cuisine · Identity · Literature · Media · Music · Sport · Television · Public holidays

Portal

Notes and references
^ This is the royal motto. In Scotland, the royal motto is the Scots phrase In My Defens God Me Defend (Shown in the abbreviated form "IN DEFENS"). There is a variant form of the coat-of-arms for use in Scotland; see Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom.
^ It serves as the de facto National Anthem as well as being the Royal anthem for several other countries.
^ English is established by de facto usage. In Wales, the Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg is tasked with ensuring that, "in the conduct of public business and the administration of justice, the English and Welsh languages should be treated on a basis of equality" ("Welsh Language". Welsh Assembly. Retrieved on 9 March 2007.[dead link]; "Welsh Language Act 1993". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved on 9 March 2007.) Bòrd na Gàidhlig is tasked with "securing the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland commanding equal respect to the English language" ("Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved on 9 March 2007.)
^ Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages the Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Cornish, Irish, Ulster Scots and Scots languages are officially recognised as Regional or Minority languages by the UK Government ("European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Scottish Executive. Retrieved on 23 August 2007.) See also Languages in the United Kingdom.
^ http://www.nationalstatistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=6
^ Population Estimates at www.statistics.gov.uk
^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
^ CIA World Factbook[Gini rankings]
^ The Euro is accepted in many payphones and some larger shops.
^ ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 states that this should be GB, but .gb is practically unused. The .eu domain is shared with other European Union member states.
^ See Terminology of the British Isles for further explanation of the usage of the term "Britain" in geographical and political contexts.
^ In the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous (regional) languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, the UK's official name is as follows:
Cornish: Rywvaneth Unys Breten Veur ha Kledhbarth Iwerdhon;
Irish: Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann;
Scots: Unitit Kinrick o Graet Breetain an Northren Irland;
Scottish Gaelic: Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn Mhòir agus Èireann a Tuath;
Welsh: Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon.
^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica". Retrieved on 25 September 2007. "Island country located off the north-western coast of mainland Europe"
^ www.number-10.gov.uk. "Countries within a country". Retrieved on 13 June 2007. "Countries within a country"
^ "Member States: United Kingdom". UK Presidency of the EU 2005. Retrieved on 29 May 2006.[dead link]
^ The Countries of the UK statistics.gov.uk, accessed 10 October, 2008
^ "Key facts about the United Kingdom". Government, citizens and rights. Directgov. Retrieved on 26 June 2008. "The full title of this country is 'the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. 'The UK' is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Great Britain' (or just 'Britain') does not include Northern Ireland. The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK."
^ "FCO global network". FCO in Action. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved on 26 June 2008.
^ "Industrial Revolution". Retrieved on 27 April 2008.
^ Ferguson, Niall (2004). Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power. Basic Books. ISBN 0465023282.
^ Welcome parliament.uk, accessed 7 October, 2008
^ THE TREATY or Act of the Union www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk, accessed 27 August 2008
^ Articles of Union with Scotland 1707 www.parliament.uk
^ "The Act of Union". Act of Union Virtual Library. Retrieved on 2006-05-15.
^ Ross, David (2002). Chronology of Scottish History. Geddes & Grosset, 56. ISBN 1-85534-380-0. "1603: James VI becomes James I of England in the Union of the Crowns, and leaves Edinburgh for London"
^ Hearn, Jonathan (2002). Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture. Edinburgh University Press, 104. ISBN 1902930169. "Inevitably, James moved his court to London"
^ Ferguson, Niall (2003). Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02328-2.
^ "The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6 December 1921". CAIN. Retrieved on 2006-05-15.
^ "Modest progress but always on back foot". Times Online (2005-12-21). Retrieved on 2006-05-16.
^ "European Constitution: bad for Britain, bad for Europe". Conservative Party. Retrieved on 2006-05-23.[dead link]
^ Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom publius.oxfordjournals.org, accessed 7 October, 2008
^ "Official UK Parliament web page on parliamentary sovereignty".
^ Sarah Carter. "A Guide To the UK Legal System". University of Kent at Canterbury. Retrieved on 2006-05-16.
^ "Brown is UK's new prime minister", BBC News, news.bbc.co.uk (2007-06-27). Retrieved on 2008-01-23.
^ Westminster Parliamentary Constituencies statistics.gov.uk, accessed 10 October, 2008
^ European Election: United Kingdom Result BBC News, 14 June, 2004
^ "Europe Wins The Power To Jail British Citizens". The Times (2005-09-14).
^ "news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1771635.stm".
^ Scots MPs attacked over fees vote BBC News, 27 January, 2004
^ UK Politics: Talking Politics The West Lothian Question BBC News, i June 1998
^ Scotland's Parliament - powers and structures BBC News, 8 April 1999
^ Salmond elected as first minister BBC News, 16 May, 2007
^ "Devolution review body launched". BBC News (2008-03-25).
^ "Wendy: 'Bring it on'". Scotsman (2008-05-05).
^ "Structure and powers of the Assembly". BBC News (1999-04-09).
^ "What powers does the Welsh Assembly have?". Guardian (2007-07-16).
^ a b http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/index/your-government/devolved-government.htm Northern Ireland Executive
^ Barlow, I., Metropolitan Government, (1991)
^ "Welcome to the national site of the Government Office Network". gos.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-07-31.
^ A short history of London government london.gov.uk, accessed 4 October 2008
^ "The Government is now expected to tear up its twelve-year-old plan to create eight or nine regional assemblies in England to mirror devolution in Scotland and Wales.""Prescott's dream in tatters as North East rejects assembly". The Times. Retrieved on 2008-02-15.
^ Local Authority Elections Local Government Association, accessed 3 October, 2008
^ NI local government set for shake-upBBC News, 18 November 2005
^ Foster announces the future shape of local government, NI Executive
^ Local Government elections to be aligned with review of public administration www.nio.gov.uk, accessed, 2 August 2008
^ STV in Scotland:Local Government Elections 2007 Political Studies Association, accessed 2 August 2008
^ Ethical Standards in Public Life framework: "Ethical Standards in Public Life". The Scottish Government. Retrieved on 2008-10-03.
^ About COSLA cosla.gov.uk, accessed 3 October 2008
^ Local Authorities new.wales.gov.uk, accessed 31 July 2008
^ Local government elections in Wales aboutmyvote.co.uk, accessed 3 October, 2008
^ Welsh Local Government Association Welsh Local Government Association, accessed 3 October, 2008
^ "www.globalpowereurope.eu/".
^ "Defence Spending".
^ "www.sipri.org/contents/milap/milex/mex_trends.html".
^ "www.hatareview.org/ardy.html".
^ "www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1394293,00.html".
^ "www.henryjacksonsociety.org/sections/britain_world/naval_trident".[dead link]
^ £3.2bn giant carrier deals signed BBC News, 3 July 2008
^ Permanent Joint Operating Bases, northwood.mod.uk
^ House of Commons Hansard, publications.parliament.uk
^ Annual Reports and Accounts 2004-05PDF (1.60 MiB). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved on 14 May 2006
^ Office for National Statistics UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, p. 89
^ The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706 scotshistoryonline.co.uk, accessed 5 October, 2008
^ Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United KingdomPDF (252 KiB), Department for Constitutional Affairs. Retrieved on 2006-05-22
^ "Police-recorded crime down by 9%". BBC News (2008-07-17).
^ New record high prison population BBC News, 8 February 2008
^ Court of Session - Introduction scotcourts.gov.uk, accessed 5 October, 2008
^ High Court of Justiciary - Introduction scotcourts.gov.uk, accessed 5 October, 2008
^ Introduction scotcourts.gov.uk, accessed 5 October, 2008
^ The case for keeping 'not proven' verdict timesonline.co.uk, accessed 5 October, 2008
^ Scottish Cabinet and Ministers scotland.gov.uk, accessed 5 October, 2008
^ Scottish crime 'lowest since 80s' BBC News 30 September, 2008
^ Prisoner Population at Friday 22 August 2008www.sps.gov.uk, accessed August 28, 2008
^ Scots jail numbers at record high BBC News, 29 August, 2008
^ "Scotland Facts". www.scotland.org.
^ "Geography of Northern Ireland". University of Ulster. Retrieved on 2006-05-22.
^ Census Geography statistics.gov.uk, accessed 10 October, 2008
^ Census ons.gov.uk, accessed 11 October 2008
^ "Population estimates: UK population grows to 60,975,000", Office for National Statistics (2008-08-21). Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
^ "Rising birth rate, longevity and migrants push population to more than 60 million". The Guardian (2006-08-25). Retrieved on 2006-08-25.
^ Travis, Alan (2008-08-22). "Ageing Britain: Pensioners outnumber under-16s for first time", The Guardian. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
^ a b c d e "Fertility: Rise in UK fertility continues", Office for National Statistics (2008-08-21). Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
^ Alan Travis, home affairs editor. "UK population has increased to almost 61m | World news | The Guardian". The Guardian. Retrieved on 2008-10-15.
^ a b "Population estimates: UK population approaches 61 million in 2007", Office for National Statistics (2007-08-21). Retrieved on 2008-08-28.
^ a b "Population: UK population grows to 59.6 million", Office for National Statistics (2005-01-28). Retrieved on 2008-08-20.
^ Immigration and births to non-British mothers pushes British population to record high, This is London, 22 August 2008
^ Immigration to make Britain the most crowded country in Europe, Telegraph
^ Population projections 2008-2060, 26 August 2008
^ "Britain to have '9.1m immigrants by 2030'". Telegraph.
^ "Half a million migrants pour into Britain in a year".
^ a b "International migration: Net inflow rose in 2004". Office for National Statistics (2005-12-15). Retrieved on 2006-11-22.
^ "International migration 2005: Net inflow 185,000". Office for National Statistics (2006-11-02). Retrieved on 2006-11-22.
^ "Emigration soars as Britons desert the UK".
^ "1,500 migrants enter UK a day".
^ Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah and Catherine Drew (2006-12-11). "Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration". Institute for Public Policy Research. Retrieved on 2007-01-20.
^ "Brits Abroad". BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
^ "5.5 m Britons 'opt to live abroad'". BBC News (2006-12-11). Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
^ "Indians largest group among new immigrants to UK".
^ "1500 immigrants arrive in Britain daily, report says".[dead link]
^ "Spain attracts record levels of immigrants seeking jobs and sun". The Guardian (2006-07-26). Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
^ "Immigration 'far higher' than figures say". The Telegraph (2007-01-05). Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
^ Rainer Muenz (June 2006). "Europe: Population and Migration in 2005". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
^ "BBC Thousands in UK citizenship queue".
^ John Freelove Mensah, Persons Granted British Citizenship United Kingdom, 2006, Home Office Statistical Bulletin 08/07, 22 May 2007, accessed 21 September 2007
^ Fertility rate highest for 26 yearsNational Statistics, accessed 13 April 2008
^ Clare Murphy (2006-03-27). "The EU's baby blues", BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-04-13.
^ Ben Leapman (2007-12-12). "Britain's highest birth rates among migrants", Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2008-04-13.
^ Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan; Hopwood Road, Francesca (May 2005). "United Kingdom: Rising numbers, rising anxieties". Migration Information Source. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
^ Doward, Jamie; Temko, Ned (2007-09-23). "Home Office shuts the door on Bulgaria and Romania", The Observer, pp. 2. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
^ Home Office, Department for Work and Pensions, HM Revenue & Customs and Communities and Local Government, Accession Monitoring Report: A8 Countries, May 2004-June 2007[dead link], 21 August 2007, accessed 26 August 2007.
^ Naomi Pollard, Maria Latorre and Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah (2008-04-30). "Floodgates or turnstiles? Post-EU enlargement migration flows to (and from) the UK". Institute for Public Policy Research. Retrieved on 2008-04-30.
^ "Half EU migrants 'have left UK'", BBC News (2008-04-30). Retrieved on 2008-04-30.
^ One in every four Poles in Britain plan to stay for life, says survey
^ "UK gets 2.5m new foreign workers".
^ 'Why I left UK to return to Poland', BBC News
^ "Ethnicity: 7.9% from a non-White ethnic group". Office for National Statistics (2004-06-24). Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
^ "Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): London". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
^ "Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): Leicester". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
^ "Census 2001 - Ethnicity and religion in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
^ http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/SFR/s000744/UPDATEDSFR30_2007.pdf Schools and Pupils in England, January 2007
^ Graeme Paton (2007-10-01). "One fifth of children from ethnic minorities". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
^ Britain to have '9.1m immigrants by 2030', Telegraph
^ Jacques Melitz (1999). "English-Language Dominance, Literature and Welfare". Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved on 2006-05-26.
^ National Statistics Online at www.statistics.gov.uk
^ http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fow/WelshLanguage.pdf
^ Welsh today by Prof. Peter Wynn Thomasbbc.co.uk
^ Scotland's Census 2001 - Gaelic Report gro-scotland.gov.uk, accessed 15 October 2008
^ Fall in compulsory language lessons BNC News 4 November, 2004
^ The School Gate for parents in Wales BBC Wales, accessed 11 October, 2008
^ Eurobarometer poll conducted in 2005PDF (1.64 MiB). Page 9. European Commission. Retrieved on 7 December 2006
^ "Tearfund Survey 2007". Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
^ British Social Attitudes Survey, National Centre for Social Research, 2004 (published 2006-02-20), <http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/findingData/snDescription.asp?sn=5329>. Retrieved on 25 February 2008
^ "UK Census 2001". Retrieved on 2007-04-22.
^ 'Fringe' Church winning the believers Timesonline, 19 December 2006
^ "We need imams who can speak to young Muslims in their own words". The Times (2006-08-05). Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
^ "Veil: British papers back Straw". CNN (2006-07-10). Retrieved on 2006-05-11.
^ "Census 2001 - Profiles". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
^ "Hinduism in Britain today". International Society for Krishna Consciousness. Retrieved on 2007-04-22.
^ "Census 2001 - Profiles". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-12-02.
^ Religion: 2001 Census National Statistics website.
^ "London's place in the UK economy, 2005–06". City of London. Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund (2005). Retrieved on 2006-05-15.
^ Patricia Hewitt (2004-07-15). "TUC Manufacturing Conference". Department for Trade and Industry. Retrieved on 2006-05-16.
^ "The Pharmaceutical sector in the UK". Department of Trade and Industry. Retrieved on 2007-02-27.
^ "Index of Services (experimental)". Office for National Statistics (2006-04-26). Retrieved on 2006-05-24.
^ Sassen, Saskia (2001). The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press.
^ Lazarowicz (Labour MP), Mark (2003-04-30). "Debate on Scottish financial services industry". Retrieved on 2006-05-16.[dead link]
^ International Tourism ReceiptsPDF (1.10 MiB). UNWTO Tourism Highlights, Edition 2005 Page 12. World Tourism Organisation. Retrieved on 24 May 2006
^ Bremner, Caroline. "Top 150 city destinations: London leads the way", Euromonitor International. Retrieved on 2008-08-28.
^ "From the Margins to the Mainstream - Government unveils new action plan for the creative industries". DCMS (2007-03-09). Retrieved on 2007-03-09.
^ "CIA World Factbook - United Kingdom". CIA (2005-02-28). Retrieved on 2007-02-08.
^ "The architecture of UK offshore oil production in relation to future production models". The Oil Drum (2006-11-30). Retrieved on 2008-08-27.
^ a b UK Coal (2007). "Coal Around the World". UK Coal website. UK Coal. Retrieved on 2008-09-23.
^ UK Coal (2008). "[http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file19261.pdf Chapter 2: Long term trends Solid fuels and derived gases]". BERR website. Department for Business Enterprise & Regulatory Reform. Retrieved on 2008-09-23.
^ The Coal Authority (2007). "Coal Reserves in the United Kingdom". Response to Energy Review. The Coal Authority. Retrieved on 2008-09-23.
^ BBC. "BBC News England Expert predicts 'coal revolution'". BBC News website. BBC. Retrieved on 2008-09-23.
^ More About the Bank www.bankofengland.co.uk, accessed 8 August 2008
^ United Kingdom - Economy CIA - The World Factbook
^ UK recession this year, OECD says BBC News, September 2, 2008
^ "Puritanism comes too naturally for 'Huck' Brown". Times Online (2007-07-24). Retrieved on 2007-07-24.
^ "EMU Entry And EU Constitution". MORI (2005-02-28). Retrieved on 2006-05-17.[dead link]
^ "United Kingdom". Humana. Retrieved on 2006-05-18.
^ "Private school pupil numbers in decline]". Guardian (2007-11-09).
^ "More state pupils in universities". BBC News (2007-07-19).
^ "The top 200 world universities". Times Higher Education (2007-11-09). Retrieved on 2008-02-19.
^ "news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4442223.stm".
^ "news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/6960432.stm".
^ About SQA sqa.org.uk, accessed 7 October, 2008
^ About Learning and Teaching Scotland ltscotland.org.uk, accessed 7 October, 2008
^ Brain drain in reverse scotland.org, accessed 7 October, 2008
^ "Increase in private school intake". BBC News (2007-04-17).
^ MSPs vote to scrap endowment fee BBC News, 28 February 2008
^ About Us - What we do ccea.org.uk, accessed 7 October, 2008
^ http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf
^ 'Huge contrasts' in devolved NHS BBC News, 28 August 2008
^ NHS now four different systems BBC 2 January 2008
^ About the Department of Health dh.gov.uk, accessed 5 October, 2008
^ "NHS workforce 'falls by 11,000'". BBC News, (2007-03-14).
^ Highlands and Islands Medical Service (HIMS) www.60yearsofnhsscotland.co.uk, accessed 28 July 2008
^ About the NHS in Scotland NHS Scotland
^ Introduction to NHS Wales 1960s www.wales.nhs.uk
^ Introduction to NHS Wales - Staff www.wales.nhs.uk
^ "Busiest Airports - The Busiest Airports in the World". Geography.about.com. Retrieved on 2008-10-15.
^ M6Toll Frequently asked questions www.m6toll.co.uk, accessed 13 July 2008
^ "Tackling congestion on our roads". Department for Transport.[dead link]
^ "Delivering choice and reliability". Department for Transport.
^ Rod Eddington (December 2006). "The Eddington Transport Study". UK Treasury.
^ Transport Scotland - Keeping Scotland moving www.transportscotland.gov.uk, accessed 1 July 2008
^ Transport Scotland - Rail www.transportscotland.gov.uk, accessed 10 July 2008
^ Major new rail lines considered BBC News, 21 June 2008
^ [1][dead link]
^ "Wembley kick-off: Stadium is ready and England play first game in fortnight", Daily Mail (2007-03-09). Retrieved on 2007-03-19.
^ "Blatter against British 2012 team", BBC News (2008-03-09). Retrieved on 2008-04-02.
^ Premier and Champions League history watch-football.net, accessed 1 October, 2008
^ "Chinese phone maker's fancy footwork", BBC News (2003-10-27). Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
^ http://web.archive.org/web/20071001212711/http://galeb.etf.bg.ac.yu/~mirad/archive.html
^ Official Website of Rugby League World Cup 2008
^ About ECB www.ecb.co.uk, accessed 4 August 2008
^ Shinty scottishsport.co.uk, accessed 2 October, 2008
^ "Encyclopedia Britannica article on Shakespeare". Retrieved on 2006-02-26.
^ "MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare". Retrieved on 2006-02-26.
^ "Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare". Retrieved on 2006-02-26.
^ How to Celebrate 'The World's Worst Poet'? washingtonpost.com, 1 August, 2007
^ Edinburgh, UK appointed first UNESCO City of Literature unesco.org, accessed 20 August 2008
^ "BBC website: About the BBC - What is the BBC". Retrieved on 2008-06-14.
^ "TV licensing: aged over 74".
^ "ABC Newspaper Circulation Figures". The Times (2006-05-12). Retrieved on 2006-05-16.
^ "Audit Bureau of Circulation Interactive Analysis National Newspaper Selection - Average Net Circulation (UK) 03-Jul-2006 to 30-Jul-2006". Retrieved on 2006-09-04. Lists the circulation of Daily Telegraph as 844,929 and The Times as 620,456.
^ "The Newspaper Awards". Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
^ Scottish newspaper readership falls Business7, 11 February 2008
^ Glasgow gets city of music honour bbc.co.uk, accessed 20 August 2008
^ Quo Facts statusquo.co.uk, accessed 14 October 2008
^ Honorary award for glam rockers BBC News, 9 September, 2002